Informal Fallacies Of An Informal Fallacy - 912 Words

Our lives revolve around money. The value of a dollar does not buy much anymore; everything comes with a price tag. The media likes to entice people with catchy slogans, celebrities or any other setup just so they can obtain our money. Once they grasp our attention we realize most of these attention grabbers had no relation to their argument or what they are trying to sell. Thus the correct term for the types of misleading ads and television commercials is called informal fallacies. The purpose of an informal fallacy can be to enact reactions from the audience, used to discredit a person or lastly appeal to a certain outlook. They mainly lack the validity in order to prove their argument. The media provides us with many scenarios using different forms of informal fallacies. I will provide three notable examples of informal fallacies by explaining the type of fallacy and why the media used this fallacy. To start off, I should first differentiate between a formal and informal fallacy. A formal argument is when the argument lacks the correct structural form. The form of the fallacy will then be able to tell us if the fallacy is valid or invalid. The difference is in the way the argument is written, informal fallacies lack context in order to make the argument. For example, I came across a nationwide commercial that took a different approach in order to sell to the public. Rather than sell to their audience some reasons why they should chose to consult with the company theyShow MoreRelatedFallacies : A Logical Fallacy1741 Words   |  7 PagesA logical fallacy is false or misinforming opinions that prove nothing. At times fallacies seem to be sound, and often have lots of persuasive control, even after it’s undoubtedly exposed as being untrue. Fallacies are not always deliberate, still yet we find them all over the place, like commercials for an example. Though there are severa l logical fallacies, four logical fallacies generally found in advertising are amphiboly, appeal to authority, appeal to emotion, and non sequitur (logic). FallaciesRead MoreDoomsday: The Rebuttal Essay906 Words   |  4 Pagesof Doomsday prophets have also emerged fallacies that preach propaganda to audiences of those seeking immunity from one sole apocalyptic day. One author in particular is Ronald Bailey. According to Forbes.com, Ronald Bailey has been a science writer for Forbes magazine and wrote an essay called Seven Doomsday Myths About The Environment. Bailey wrote this essay in response to fallacies concerning Doomsday. In his essay he attempts to identify fallacies that are present in seven of the most commonRead MoreFeminism : What Is It Anyway? Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagescreates conclusions which prove her argument. This essay is an analysis of Magnanti’s article. It goes over the outline of her premises, conclusions, and argument. The second part is an a nalysis of Magnanti’s argument, which will go over any informal fallacies and false premises that Magnanti included in her work. The last part outlines how Magnanti could have made her argument stronger. Magnanti’s article is broken down by premise, conclusion, and argument. Throughout Magnanti’s (2012) article,Read MoreAn Analysis of the Rhetorical Elements of Political Campaign Advertisements 1067 Words   |  5 Pagesreveals the different informal fallacies utilized to gain support for one of the candidates or misguide the public about the opposing candidate. Presidential candidate Barack Obama who belongs to the Democratic Party broadcasted the first commercial we will analyze, the title is â€Å"Seven† referring to the seven houses his opponent John McCain owns; Barack Obama tries to engage pathos which refers to the audience of the message (Ramage et Al. 2012) utilizing a form of fallacy known as â€Å"appeal to pity†Read MoreLogical Fallacies. Logical Fallacies Can Be Found In Many1288 Words   |  6 PagesLogical Fallacies Logical Fallacies can be found in many forms of persuasions, in infomercials, political debates, common discussion, everywhere. Although Logical Fallacies are very common, they mar our arguments and should be avoided. In order to avoid them we must first learn to recognize them. To fully understand Logical Fallacies, we will look at the definition of Logical Fallacies, some examples of Logical Fallacies, classifications of Logical Fallacies, and finally why we should, and how weRead MoreEssay about PhI 103Dq 4887 Words   |  4 Pages Fallacies in Media One rich source of fallacies is the media: television, radio, magazines, and the Internet. The arguments you experience in your daily life (work, family, shopping) are another source of fallacies. Identify three distinct informal logical fallacies you have experienced in the media or in your life. Explain how the fallacies were used and the context in which they occurred. Then, explain what the person presenting the fallacy should have done to ensure that he or she was not committingRead More Nature and Logic Essay1025 Words   |  5 Pagessyllogism: All followers of Senator Jones are in favor of higher taxes. All communists are in favor of higher taxes. All followers of Senator Jones are communists. It will become easy for us to recognize the fallacy in this argument as the fallacy of the undistributed middle term. 2. Consider this informal argument: In spite of the large number of UFO spottings that can be attributed to weather conditions and known aircraft and other factors, there are hundreds of sightings that cannot be accounted forRead MoreThe Importance of Fallacies in Any Debate Essay535 Words   |  3 PagesLogical fallacies are an important part of any debate. These fallacies arise when people do not have a solid argument, but still debate over the subject. Many of these fallacies are used because of stagnant arguments, but there are three informal fallacies should be noted: the ad hominem fallacy, the appeal to authority, and the argument from ignorance. â€Å"There is no reason to believe George Clooney is not a brilliant actor. If there is no reason to believe George Clooney is not a brilliant actorRead MoreArgument Paper2588 Words   |  11 PagesChristians as Pharisees, listing long evidence on the legalistic and hypocritical ways the Pharisees and Christians have in common. However, this premise is not true. At the outset, the premise and its sub points are an informal fallacy. Later the entire argument will be searched for fallacies but this premise cannot be understood without a separate discussion on this weakness. The Ad Hominem tu quo quo alone proves this entire premise false . For a group of Christians to be unable to follow the moralRead MoreMichael Levins The Case for Torture965 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Case for Torture,† Michael Levin presents logical fallacies that originate at the authors desire to relate the importance of his message. Though his specific argument is a very plausible solution to a taboo problem, the manner in which he presents it has some fallacies that cause it to be unsupported Levin argues that torture should be used on terrorist in order to save people from terrorism. He further implies that this is the morally correct thing to do, because it ensures the good of

The Reasoning For Shakespeare s Macbeth - 1028 Words

The reasoning for Shakespeare to include Lady Macbeth was for her to question Macbeth’s manhood whether if he was willing to do anything to become the next king of Scotland. To become the next king, the quickest way was to kill the current king. (King Duncan.). Macbeth was disusing the witches’ prophecy of how he would rule Scotland one day. Lady Macbeth urged him to get rid of King Duncan. However, Macbeth saw no point in killing him because Duncan has never done anything wrong to him and on top of that Kind Duncan recently made him the thane of Cawdor. At this Point Lady Macbeth starts to Question he husband if he is a real man and states that if he doesn’t action she would. Macbeth starts to fell a loose of power due to his manipulative†¦show more content†¦They gave him three apparitions. The first apparition stated to beware Macduff. â€Å"Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife. Dismiss me, enough† Act 4, Scene 1, PG 4 73-74 Fortunately, Macduff killed Macbeth in the end of the play and peace came to Scotland. If someone killed Macbeth else the witch’s prophecy would be inaccurate. Banquo’s reasoning for being in the play is also to support the theme of supernatural. For instance, when Shakespeare introduces us to the witches the first time we also see Banquo and Macbeth listing to their prophecy. The witches told them that one day Banquo’s son would rule Scotland. however, they also mention Macbeth becoming king very soon as well. If Banquo wasn’t in this story his son wouldn’t exist either so that prophecy wouldn’t exist or just be a lie. Another reason Banquo needed to be in the play was to prevent his son from getting killed by the murders that Macbeth hired. Going more into details, Macbeth didn’t want to take any risks so he hired the murders to get rid of Banquo and his son. However, The murders only were only able to kill Banquo since f led away. If Banquo wasn’t there it would be much more likely for the murders to kill and if they did the witches wouldn’t be wrong .Malcom flees after his father King Duncan had gotten killed to England. He is need in the play so he can team up with the king. Malcom and the king both get reinforcements.Show MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth - The Five Tragedies1293 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most astounding themes William Shakespeare incorporates in his widely prominent story of, Macbeth, is the utterly sheer shift in Macbeth s personality throughout the piece. It is commonly debated that the rapidly altering deposition of Macbeth had since served as the underlying facets and influences behind his ultimate collapse. However, Arthur Kirsch, Writer of â€Å"Macbeth’s Suicide,† insists that perhaps Macbeth did not develop a sense of insanity, but he was murdering out of confidenceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth : Fate1380 Words   |  6 PagesIn Macbeth, which is written by Shakespeare, fate plays a very important part in the play. Macbeth’s fate is fulfilled when he fulfills the prophecy and apparitions that Shakespeare wrote for him. In other words, Shakespeare wrote Macbeth’s fate. Fate is something that unavoidably happens; fate is very similar, if not the same thing, as destiny. In the play, there is a question of whether or not Shakespeare believes that fate has the power to rule people’s lives. There are many examples of fateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Play For King James I, The Tragedy Of Macbeth1200 Words   |  5 Pages In 1606, William Shakespeare wrote a play for King James I, the tragedy of Macbeth. For the last five-hundred years, this highly regarded piece of literature has been studied by countless students and intellectuals. One of the many methods scholars use to interpret a piece of literature is through the feminist perspective. Feminism is defined as the doctrine advocating social, political, and all other rights of women equal to those of men (â€Å"Feminism†). Although one can use a feminist lens to interpretRead MoreCompare Contrast the Theme of Horror in Frankenstein and Macbeth1651 Words   |  7 Pagesof ‘horror’ in Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein The gothic horror genre is a favourite for many readers. We love the suspense and mystery, the desperation, the doom and gloom, the claustrophobia, even the blood. But most of all we love the fear - the feeling we get that gives us pathos with the protagonist that keeps us on the edge of our seats and propels us to turn the page. How do Shelley and Shakespeare provoke our reactions when reading Macbeth (Shakepeare,1606) and FrankensteinRead MorePink And William Shakespeares Pink Floyd, The Wall 1288 Words   |  6 Pagesstories, the protagonist anti-hero displays trends to either invoke more empathy or less empathy from the audience. The three types of anti-heroes are satanic, promethean, and byronic. A satanic anti-hero is an individual who seeks an evil goal. Macbeth, a satanic anti-hero, is dauntless and a courageous warrior who values his pride and is apathetic towards others safety. A byronic anti-hero is an individual who has unclear goals and questionable means. They are unpr edictable, moody, mysterious,Read MoreThe Existence Of Shakespeare s Macbeth1554 Words   |  7 Pages Predating the existence of Shakespeare s Macbeth, the supposed natural characteristics of both men and women were viewed as having an inverse relationship with each other. A notion that is still widely held, albeit sometimes subconsciously, to this day. According to this belief, each gender by nature possesses very specific character traits that are both equal and opposite of that of the other gender. Ideas such as strength, power, and dominance are believed to be naturally male attributes. WhileRead MoreComparing Human Nature in Macbeth and Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde1596 Words   |  7 Pagesaround 4 million people in the 1880’s, and was one of the first cities to become completely urbanised. For the first time, more people were living in towns and cities than in the country. This forced them to increase the interiority of their lives, through having little involvement with th e society outside their blacked out windows. This made it a perfect setting for mystery novels like ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. Macbeth is a play written by William Shakespeare in 1604. It is set in Scotland and isRead MoreMacbeth : A Tragic Flaw1919 Words   |  8 PagesNikhil Srivastava Ms. Bularzik British Literature 3/10/17 Egotism in a man Pride as a tragic flaw in Macbeth Pride is essential to all humans in any lifestyle. Without pride, self-confidence would not exist. Many successful products are made by the creator taking risks. Without self-confidence there will not be as much risk taken to create something new. It is not wrong to take pride in one’s work, as it acts as a sense of satisfaction for the accomplishment. Also without pride thereRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth As A Tyrant1650 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning of what it takes to be a leader, it’s hard for someone to take over to fix their mess. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the main character, is shown as a tyrant. All of the characters see this and try to overthrow him just like he did to his people. Macbeth was written in 1606 so the time period is quite different than it is today in the 21st century. Like Macbeth, Osama Bin Laden has a history of using willpower and deceit to achieve his goals. Osama Bin Laden is seenRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1571 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth, written by William Shakespeare, is the telling of a tragic tale that encompasses the necessities needed to showcase the impact king Duncan’s death has as the play develops. As the play evolves, it conveys Macbeth’s overwhelming loss for power, showcasing how this fatal flaw leads to his destruction. After murdering king Duncan and taking the throne of Scotland, Macbeth becomes a tyrant and it is displayed how significantly traumatised he becomes by his decision. The play emphasises Duncan’s

Diet Pills and Women Free Essays

How would you like to lose 10 pounds in one week? These words ring out through the media, newspapers, magazines, commercials, and many other advertisements that we are inundated in our society today. A model walks down the runway with her collar bones protruding, flat stomach, and protruding pelvic bones. When she weighs in, and is one pound over the expected weight, starves herself, or takes diet pills to shed the excess weight. We will write a custom essay sample on Diet Pills and Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now The same pertains to young females. The desire to be thin at any cost causes physical, mental, and emotional problems. This is a lack of self-worth. It is easier to swallow a diet pill which involves no will power. Finding a diet that is right for them is not an option. They want a quick fix. Nutritionists and scientists have debated over these issues for years. Scientists have the belief that diet pills will take the weight off not acknowledging where the dangers lye. Whereas nutritionists believe that cutting out the â€Å"bad† carbohydrates and eating from the five food groups will help with healthy weight loss as opposed to taking diet pills. Eating â€Å"good† carbohydrates will make a difference in one’s weight loss. Many Doctors readily prescribe diet pills without caring about the dangerous effects they have for the person taking them. Women want to be thin, so the doctor helps them to achieve their goal. This is the mentality of many doctors; it is also for some women. Some diet pills whether prescribed or otherwise can have dangerous side effects. Most women who are desperate to lose weight do not care about the side effects, only about the weight loss. The danger of taking diet pills is that many cause emotional and physical dependence. Diet pills can also interfere with one’s metabolism. Diet pills suppress the appetite, which causes one to take in fewer calories. While taking in fewer calories, the metabolism also slows down and causes fat to store in the body. Diet pills are also associated with many health conditions such as: increased heart rate, high blood pressure, dizziness, possibility of seizures and or strokes. Even though, it is suggested to consult your doctor, many women do not care because they are desperate to lose the weight quickly. Becoming thin is the goal for the women who take the pills, they may not consult their doctor in fear that the doctor may not agree with their decision to take the diet pills. If prescribed diet pills are taken, it can help start a diet along with a healthy eating program, but too many women are not interested in doing this. They prefer to let the diet pill do the work and therefore starving themselves and their bodies. Some people do not have self- discipline to implement an eating program along with the diet pills. For example, Alli is an orilstat which when taken remains in the stomach. It does not affect the heart. When one eats any foods with fat, the Alli causes 25% of the fat to be eliminated from the body. Alli does not suppress one’s appetite. Some women want a â€Å"quick fix† when taking diet pills. However, with Alli the idea is to implement a healthy eating regiment when taking it with each meal. When Alli is taken on an empty stomach, does nothing. It must be taken with meals and is effective in helping with weight loss, as it reduces fat absorption in and requires a cut down on fat intake (around 15 grams). The only unpleasant side effects are oily discharge, loose stools and an immediate urge to have a bowel movement. This particular diet pill, Alli, is not an at risk diet pill like many of the others. It does not suppress the appetite, nor cause heart palpitations. It may take up to one year to lose the weight desired, where as taking another type of diet pill that appeases the appetite will cause a person to lose five to ten pounds in a week. However, it states that you must take a vitamin in the evening because minerals are depleted from the body. There are many people who have taken diet pills have died. There is a health risk with diet pills and should always be carefully assessed before taking them. If an individual chooses to take diet pills, doctors suggest following a healthy plan and exercising. In most cases, women, teens and young adults, do not want to take the time, but would rather pop a pill and lose weight quickly, and do not consider the ramifications in their haste. The way we look plays a big role in our lives. It determines the way that others see us and from that, it will determine how we feel about ourselves. The major issue here is our weight. We constantly see images of sexy women which remains in our minds that this is the way to look in order to be beautiful, and because of this, we subject ourselves to abusing our health and bodies just so we can look like the sexy women the media shows and we hear about constantly. Skinny is beautiful. Or at least this is what is on billboards, in magazines, and television, as most women idealize becoming thin. There are many ways to lose weight, but taking diet pills is less of an effort and more convenient a quick fix. This is what the media tells us, lose weight fast! No need to exercise. Many people think that diet pills are safe and effective, but the truth is they are not. In many cases people have died for the simple reason of wanting to lose weight fast because diet pills stimulate the nervous system, can be addictive, and can lead to abuse. The Food and Drug Administration issued a proposal that manufacturers of the diet pills include a warning to the customers about the dangers of their use. The doctor that prescribes diet pills for the safety of an individual, who is obese, also makes certain this person follows a program of exercise and healthy eating. Many doctors who dispense diet pills are careful. But, there are many who have diet clinics where all an individual needs to do is pay a fee and obtain their diet pills without a follow up. The women who are eager to lose weight quickly are in danger of hurting their bodies, especially the young females who do not research and do not care. They are only concerned with being thin and fast weight loss results. With the media screaming to the women, teens, and young adults that the only way to look beautiful is to be thin, will not hinder a woman to lose weight fast, look beautiful at any cost. The cost may result in death. How to cite Diet Pills and Women, Essay examples

Nestle Alcon Value of Listing free essay sample

Alcon’s value was completely buried in food and beverage ocean (Nestle) ‘Best way to show the intrinsic value of this fantastic company might be to make it public to let the market decide what the real value should be’ Growth rate: twice the Nestle groups growth rate Should have higher valuation multiple than Nestle group Nestle’s EBITDA multiple: 12. 7X (in line with competitors) Other businesses embedded in that multiple masked a food and beverage business that was trading at a discount to its peers – Alcon and 26% stake in L’Oreal Guarding the Credit Rating: Early 2002 Nestle would pay $10. 3 billion in cash for pet food company Undertake debt reduction program after acquisition Nestle’s current rating: AAA SP and Moody’s analysts put the company on its watch list Firmly kept the highest credit rating possible Reasons for the carve-out of Alcon: Market to reflect the full value of Alcon Only food and beverage analysts follow Nestle group Pharmaceutical Analyst do not consider Alcon being part of Nestle To come out conglomerate discount Paying of Nestle’s debt to maintain stellar credit rating Can use appropriate market multiple Can use stock option to pay compensation Listing options: Now Nestle has to choose one of the listing options out of the 4 available to them. They have asked Credit Suisse First Boston to analyze these options and give them a report as to the consequences of each. The four options can be summarized as under: Swiss Listing: Simple to IPO Alcon in Zurich Swiss subsidiary of another Swiss company Already operated under Swiss securities laws Would simplify relations between Nestle and Alcon Minimize future administrative costs of outstanding common shares Would limit Nestle and its underwriters to the pool of capital in Switzerland Switzerland is a developed market with few restrictions. Moreover, it will be faced with certain drawbacks such as US investors having to deal in foreign currency resulting in higher transaction costs. Also the US pension funds and mutual funds are restricted from buying foreign shares. Hence, it would decrease the base of investors of Alcon. Dual Listing: Help target specialty pharmaceutical investors Forced to abide by US as well as Swiss securities laws – not always consistent with each other Trading normally seemed to center on one market, even if the shares were initially introduced in two places USA Listing Reincorporate Alcon as a US based subsidiary Fully subject to US corporate income tax Not able to claim deductions in US for royalty payments paid to Swiss parent company Management signaled that this is not an option Nestle would not move Alcon out of Switzerland Corporate governance Rename the firm Alcon, Inc. rather than Alcon. AG. , Amend the incorporation documentation to conform to US standards wherever possible Create a board of directors, with prominent independent US business figures; structure the board to resemble other US boards with characteristics such as staggered terms Financial reporting Regularly quarterly reporting of earnings under US GAAP Dividend payments in USD by establishing a hedging facility converting dividends declared in Swiss Francs into dollar denominated payments Exchange listing ADR would highlight Alcon’s foreign status Engage major settlement and custodian banks to create a share registry system to make procedures for trading shares and voting rights more like those for other US companies Operations Keep HQs, top management, and RD facilities in Texas From US – revenues: 53% and operating income: 58% However, this option has been rejected by the Nestle executives as they want the IPR to stay in Switzerland. Also, this has major cost benefits which it will lose in case it gets listed in US. American Depository Receipts (ADRs): Most familiar instrument May be targeted by US pharma funds May be seen as candidate for international diversifications Minimizes cross-national differences in securities regulations and trading conventions List Alcon in Switzerland and issue ADR in US. Still US investors have an underlying economic exposure to USD/CHF exchange rate. Advantages: Access more investors Broader shareholder base Increases liquidity of shares and making it less risky Good corporate governance – filing US GAAP accounts, meeting certain standards of corporate governance Increased firm’s valuation Cross-listed firms have higher returns and a lower cost of capital May make a firm and its products more recognizable in US May be useful as an acquisition currency Easier for foreign firms to compete for managerial talent since they can offer managers stock options in the form of ADRs May also increase executive pay – universe of comparable companies broadens to US and global firms which usually have higher levels of compensation Disadvantages: May not retain its Swiss identity Requires more transparency in operations and results May become a takeover candidate Undermining Nestle’s corporate culture and protection it enjoys from takeover Listing of Alcon and unbundling the value: Food and Beverage (FB) Industry Company %FB Industry Enterprise Value EBITDA EBITDA Multiples Cadbury Schweppes 51% 15,518 1,511 10. 3 Campbell 91% 16,254 1,475 11. 0 Danone NA 21,854 2,138 10. 2 General Mills 100% 28,104 1,484 18. 9 Heinz 100% 19,855 1,912 10. 4 Kellog 100% 18,262 1,640 11. 1 Kraft 100% 33,082 6,608 5. 0 Nestle 94% 97,500 7,662 12. 7 Unilever NA 50,038 NA NA Mean 11. 2 Median 10. 7 Pharma Company Company % Pharma Industry Enterprise Value EBITDA EBITDA Multiples Allergan 63% 9,728 434 22. 4 Bausch Lomb** 15% 2,150 222 King 86% 10,429 426 24. 5 Teva 88% 8,345 448 18. 6 Forest 100% 14,128 449 31. 5 Mean 24. 2 Median 23. 4 Valuation of Nestles Parts Enterprise Value EBITDA EBITDA Multiples Nestle FB 78,249. 25 6,978. 70 11. 2 LOreal 9,100. 00 NA Alcon 16,568. 09 683. 3 24. 2 Nestle 103,917. 34 7,662. 00 13. 6 This sums up the valuation multiples for each of the parts of Nestle. Thus summarizing, we can say that ADRs or Dual Listing should be opted for by Nestle for the listing of Alcon. Also, this listing will contribute significantly towards unlocking the value for Nestle in the desired fashion.